Phonetics and Phonology

Phonetics and Phonology

Phonetics and phonology are related, dependent fields for studying aspects of language. Phonetics is the study of sound in speech; phonology is the study (and use) of sound patterns to create meaning. Phonetics focuses on how speech is physically created and received, including study of the human vocal and auditory tracts, acoustics, and neurology. Phonology relies on phonetic information for its practice, but focuses on how patterns in both speech and non-verbal communication create meaning, and how such patterns are interpreted. Phonology includes comparative linguistic studies of how cognates, sounds, and meaning are transmitted among and between human communities and languages.

The Vocal Organs

Speech is produced by the vocal organs. Every language has a definite set of speech sounds, and every sound can be described with reference to the vocal organ that is used to produce it. In this way sounds occurring in different languages can be compared, and foreign language learners can be helped to overcome pronunciation problems that arise from differences between languages. Knowledge of how the vocal organs function to produce the various sounds of a language will make near-native sound production possible.

Speech is produced by air from the lungs being processed or modified by all speech organs above the lungs: the glottis, pharynx, nose, tongue, and lips. The individual sound is identified by the closure or narrowing of these organs. If we see the tongue as the active articulator, the place which does not move can be called the passive articulator. Labels refer to the place where the closure or narrowing occurs, which means that the name normally refers to the passive articulator.

The speech sounds often have their names from the Latin name of the vocal organ:

Nasal sounds: through nose (velum down)

Oral sounds: through mouth (velum up)

Stops: full oral closure

Fricatives: partial oral closure (friction)

Approximants: narrowing (no friction)

Labial: from labium, lip(s) active

Dental: from dentes, teeth active 

Alveolar: Alveoles, teeth ridge active

Palatal: Palate, hard palate active

Velar: Velum, soft palate active

Glottal: Glottis, vocal cords active

Mode of Production / Manner of Articulation	Viceless	Voiced	Place of Articulation	Keywords
Plosives or stops	p	b	bilabial	pin	bin
	t	d	alveolar	tin	din
	k	g	velar	cap	gap
Fricatives	-	w	bilabial	-	west
	f	v	labio-dental	fan	van
	q	ð	intra-dental	thin	then
	s	z	alveolar	sue	zoo
	-	l	alveolar		leaf
	-	r	alveolar		red
	ʃ / š	Ӡ / ž	alveo palatal	shoe	measure
	-	J / y	palatal		yes
	h	-	glottal	hat
Affricates	tʃ / ǰ	dʒ / č	alveo palatal	chew	jew
Nasals		m	bilabial		man
		n	alveolar		name
		ŋ	velar		song

Voiced and voiceless

• Glottis: The airstreams from the lungs moves up through the trachea, or windpipe, and through the opening between the vocal cards.
• Supra glottal cavities: The parts of the vocal tract above the glottis
• Voiceless: If the vocal cords are apart, the airstreams is not obstructed at the glottis and it passes freely into the supra glottal cavities (p, t, k, s).
•  Voiced: If the vocal cords are together, the airstreams forces its way through and causes them to vibrate (b, d, g, z).

Nasal and Oral

• Nasal: Air escapes not only through the mouth (when you open your lips) but also through the nose (m, n, ŋ)
•  Oral: When nasal passage is blocked in this way, the air can escape only through the mouth.

Places of Articulation

• Bilabial: at lips (p, b, m, w)
•  Labiodental: between the lower lip and upper teeth (f, v)
• Interdental: between the tongue and the alveolar ridge (t, d, s, z, n, l)
• Pabial: between tongue and the palate (š, ž, č, ĵ, ğ).
•  Velar: between tongue and velum (k, g, ŋ).
• Glottal: at glottis (the space between the vocal cords) (n).

Manner of Articulation

•  Stops

Two articulators (lips, tongue, teeth) are brought together such that the flow off air through the vocal tract is completely blocked (p, b, c, d, g, k).

• Fricatives

Two articulators are brought near each other such that the flow of air is impeded but not completely blocked (f, v, ө, o, s, z, š, ž, h).

•  Affricatives

Articulations corresponding to affricatives are those that begin like stars and end like fricatives (č, ĵ).

•  Nasal

Air flow through the mouth is completely blocked but the velum is lowered, forcing the air through the nose (m, n, ŋ)

•  Liquids

A cover term for all L-like and R-like articulations (l, r).

• Glides

The vocal tract is constricted, but not enough to block or impede the air flow (w, y).

Syllabic Sounds

•  Vowel are produced with no oral obstruction whatsoever.
•  Consonant: Oral and nasal stops, fricatives, affricatives, liquids, and glides all have some degree of obstruction.

you can also lear how to spech a symbol in BBC Radio, You can  visit the radio and learn and listen how to speech , you can learn in here.

Thank you for readig my Blog , sorry for my mistake about spelling or anything :))

MIDTERM of Instructional Media II

MIDTERM II

4.The media groups have presented in front of the class

Learning media uses flash player

Practice listening use music 

1.Material

To make learning media that we use, we use software called Tanida Quiz builder (you can get here). actually easier to use this software instead of using adobe flash, because meningat to make sebuat application or program you have to deal his premises a lot of code and script code.

If you are interested in making this software you can see the tutorial in here

2.objective

The aim of our study media is applying a new method in the learning process. where in addition to the teacher helped by learning media theory but do not forget to make students more interactive learning.

Students are expected to practice at home or anywhere with guidance or self-taught, in the media, there are exercises and a song that is playing to improve students' skills in listening

3. How to use

How to use media very easy, not too hard, and user friendly easy to understand by students

After opening the application, then you are required to answer questions pertnyaan provided, select the answer you think is correct palinng then click Next, do the same thing until all questions were answered. in the end you will get the value of what is to be answered by you. if you are interested in our media that persentasikan by us in front of the class, then you can download here

MIDTERM of Instructional Media

MID TERM

1. What is Instructional Media?

Instructional media encompasses all the materials and physical means an instructor might use to implement instruction and facilitatestudents' achievement of instructional objectives. This may include traditional materials such as chalkboards, handouts, charts, slides, overheads, real objects, and videotape or film, as well newer materials and methods such as computers, DVDs, CD-ROMs, the Internet, and interactive video conferencing

2.The roles of Media in Instruction

media in learning is anything that can be used to deliver the message sender to the recipient, so as to stimulate the mind, feelings, concerns, and interests of students that lead toward the learning process.
 Role of Media in the learning process according to Gerlac and Ely (1971: 285) stated that there are three keistemewaan owned media of teaching, namely:
1. The media has the ability to capture, store and display the back of an object or event,
2. Media has the ability to redisplay the objects or events in various ways tailored to the needs, and
3. Media has the ability to display something utuk object or event that implies.
In general, the benefits of learning media is to facilitate interaction between teachers and students so that learning activities more affective and efficient. More specifically there are several benefits of more detailed media. Kemp and Dyaton (1985) for example, to identify some of the benefits of media in learning, namely:
1. Submission of the subject matter can be made uniform
2. The learning process becomes more vivid and attractive
3. The process of learning becomes interactive
4. Efficiency in time and effort
5. Improving the quality of student learning outcomes
6. The media allow the process of learning can be done anywhere and anytime
7. The media can foster a positive attitude towards students and learning materials
8. Change the role of the teacher towards a more positive and productive

What are the benefits of using media in teaching and learning activities?
 The benefits include:
1. The media used by teachers as descriptors of the description to a substance that is delivered.
2. Generating interest and student motivation.
3. Create a real (concrete) abstract concepts.
4. Help students to interact directly with their environment.
5. Provide a pleasant atmosphere for students to learn.
6. Potential uniformity perception study.
7. Presenting the message or information simultaneously learning for students.
8. Provide variation in learning.
9. Overcoming the limitations of space, time and the power of the senses.
10. Presenting the object - an object that is difficult to come into the learning environment.

11. Helping students so easy to understand and digest the material or learning materials delivered.

3. Kinds of Instructional Media

1. Media Audio
        a. Radio
      Those advantages:
- Able to focus and maintain concentration of attention. 
- Prices are relatively cheap.
- Its easy to move.
- Can solve the problem of time when used together.
- Can develop children's imagination.
- Can stimulate active participation.
- Can be zeroed students.
       The drawback:
- The nature of communication in one direction.
- Usually the centralized broadcasts so that the teacher can not control.
- Scheduling and broadcast lessons often cause problems.
        b. Magnetic tape recording device
Those advantages:
- It has a dual function that is effective for recording featuring recordings and delete it.
- Tape recording can be played repeatedly.
- Recordings can be deleted automatically.
- Tape recording can be used according to the existing schedule.
- The program tapes provide efficiency in language learning.
The drawback:
- Coverage is limited.
- In terms of procurement cost when to target a lot more expensive.

        c. Language laboratory
Those advantages:
- To train students listening and speaking in a foreign language by presenting the subject matter.
The drawback:
- Acquisition of language laboratories tend to eat a lot baiaya.

2. Media Projection
      A. Film Frame
Those advantages:
- The same material can be distributed to all students simultaneously.
- Caution children can be focused on a specific object.
- Function think the audience stimulated and developed independently.
- The film frame is under the control of Master.
- Easy storage.
- Film frames can overcome the limitations of space.
- The film frame is relatively simple media.
The drawback:
- Because it is off, the frame of the film is more easily lost.
- Only able to present the objects are stationary.
- Requires a dark room.
           B. Projection Transparency
Those advantages:
- The reflection of the projected image can be seen clearly in a bright room.
- Can reach a large group.
- Teachers are always able to meet with students as OHP can be placed in front of the class.
- Transparency can be easily made by the teacher either created manually or otherwise.
- Has the ability to display color.
- Can be stored and used repeatedly.
The drawback:
- OHP facilities should be available.
- Power on the room or location should be available.
- Without a screen that can be tilted difficult to overcome the impression that trapezoidal distortion.
- Must have a specific technique for setting the order both in terms of presentation and storage.
         C. Projections Not Invisible
Those advantages:
- Can be directly projecting the message that is in books, newspapers, magazines, photographs, prints and even more.
The drawback:
- Must be used in a dark room. 

3. Media Three Dimensional (3D).

Those advantages:
- Students seemed to see the real objects with 3D media.
- Potential ketertarika students to think and menyeledikinya.
- Learning will run more perfectly because students can learn directly using materials similar to the original and replica.
- Students can understand about the nature of the form and movement of an object it well.
- Give the experience of the actual situation according banda or the material.
- Promote the pupils make further studies on learning through the media.
- Provide more opportunities for students to interact among each other.
The drawback:
- Cost of manufacture is expensive and requires a lot of time.
- Requires skill in the making.
- Students will not understand if the 3D shape is not the same as reality.
- Collided tool for creating 3D media. 

4. Human-Based Media

Those advantages:
- Assist students in linking new knowledge and prior knowledge.
- Helping students to form and internalize the representation of the problem or task.
- Helping students identify similarities between new problems and past experience which contains similar problems.
- Allowing students unhindered exploration. 
The drawback:
- Making students more quickly bored.
- Not effective delivery if too much of the audience.
- Penyampain material will not be understood by students if the voice is not heard.
5. Media Visual

Those advantages:
- Improve the effectiveness of achieving the goal of teaching ..
- Allow the teaching process easier and faster. 
- Streamlining understanding and strengthen memory.
- Can foster student interest and can provide the relationship between the contents of the subject matter in the real world.
The drawback:
- Requires observation extra careful. 
- Messages or information that lengthy / complex requires to split into several visual material that is easy to read and easy to understand.
- There needs to be integration, which refers to the relationship between the visual elements so that when observed will function together.
6. Media Audio-Visual

Those advantages:
- Attract and motivate students to learn the material more to make the model to be emulated by the students.
- Setting up an interesting variation and changes in the rate of learning about a subject or something of a problem. 
- The ability of the media is considered to be better and more interesting because the two elements of the media, namely audio and visual. 
The drawback:
- Too emphasis on mastery of the material rather than the development process and keep looking at audio-visual material as a tool for teachers in the learning process. 
7. Media Computers

Those advantages:
- As the role of supervision and relieve the burden on educators to various managerial responsibilities tanggug time consuming.
- Allows students to learn longer and can express a variety of special needs students. 
- The computer can accommodate students who are slow to accept the lesson because it can provide a climate that is more effective in a more individualized never forget, never get bored very patient in performing as desired instruction programs used.
- Commuters can stimulate students to do exercises and conducting laboratory or simulation. this is because the availability of color animated graphics and music in the computer so it can add realism.
- Control is in the hands of students, so that students learn some vital lessons speed level can be adjusted to the level of mastery.
- Can connect and control other devices such as compact discs and video tapes, etc.
The drawback:
- While the price of computer hardware tends to decrease (cheap) but the development of the software is still relatively expensive.
- To use a computer required specialized knowledge and skills about computers.
- The diversity of models of computers (hardware) often cause programs (software) are available for one model does not fit with the other models. 
8. Print

Those advantages:
- Students can learn and advance in accordance with the speed of each. The subject matter is designed such that it is able to meet the needs of students both rapid and slow to read and understand. But in the end all students are expected to master the subject matter.
- In addition to be able to repeat the material in print media students will follow a logical sequence of thoughts.
- The combination of text and images in the printed page can add to the appeal as well as to facilitate the understanding of the information presented in two verbal and visual format.
- Although the information content of the print media should be updated and revised in accordance with progress and new findings in the field of science that such material can be reproduced with economical and distributed easily.
The drawback:
- It is difficult to show motion in printed media pages.
- The cost of printing will be expensive if you want to display illustrations or photos colorful.
- The printing process media often take several days or even months depending on the complexity printing equipment and information on the printed page.
- If not treated properly fast print media is damaged or missing. 

MIND MAP

LEARNING 

Learning is development new skill, information, intelektual and behaviour.

Learning is including a lot of thing ,it is not only learn in the school ,for example near experience it will be our best lesson..

we can see learner from two perspective the first is psychological perspective and the second is philosophical perspective and than there are two aspect which can influence learning, there are approach to instruction and finding a middle ground..

so lets start to explain

1.psychological perspectives

talking about psychologi it id very crucial think because psychology is related with student's mental which we teach..we can see psychology  from four aspect..there are

   a.behaviour perspective , we must know about development of our student's behaviour

   b.cognitive perspectives,cognitive creates a mentaal model of short term and long term

   c.constructivist perspective , it creates their own interpretation

   d.social psychological perspective,it looks effect of the social organization of the classroom learning.

2.philosophical perspective, 

it is looking from how the teacher interact with the student it is including humanism and technologi

3.finding the middle ground

it has various perspectives..there are

a.active participation

b. practice

c.individual differences

d. feedback

e.realistic context

f.social interaction

4.Approaches to instruction

it is how the teacher teach the student..it is incuding media, methods, and technologi

Hi !

Hi every one.

  My name is Farhan Muhammad R and I am a student. I like to read and write as well as spend time with friends and family. I want to blog about all sorts of things . actualy learn english education after so long not write blog ,Now I'm writing use english language .
   You can see my writings on my tumblr    @saroeng ( just a note or quote ) and on my Twitter profiles as @farhanrmdhn14 (personal profile) . sometimes i wrote poetry or anything literature , I'm sorry if my language not good, but i try to write better .

   I can be helped by critical feedback, people taking the time to point out what they like and what they don't like, whether my topics held their attention or not, and whatever feedback I can get. I feel that's vague but feedback is important I feel.

   Farhan