Phonetics and Phonology

Phonetics and Phonology

Phonetics and phonology are related, dependent fields for studying aspects of language. Phonetics is the study of sound in speech; phonology is the study (and use) of sound patterns to create meaning. Phonetics focuses on how speech is physically created and received, including study of the human vocal and auditory tracts, acoustics, and neurology. Phonology relies on phonetic information for its practice, but focuses on how patterns in both speech and non-verbal communication create meaning, and how such patterns are interpreted. Phonology includes comparative linguistic studies of how cognates, sounds, and meaning are transmitted among and between human communities and languages.

The Vocal Organs

Speech is produced by the vocal organs. Every language has a definite set of speech sounds, and every sound can be described with reference to the vocal organ that is used to produce it. In this way sounds occurring in different languages can be compared, and foreign language learners can be helped to overcome pronunciation problems that arise from differences between languages. Knowledge of how the vocal organs function to produce the various sounds of a language will make near-native sound production possible.

Speech is produced by air from the lungs being processed or modified by all speech organs above the lungs: the glottis, pharynx, nose, tongue, and lips. The individual sound is identified by the closure or narrowing of these organs. If we see the tongue as the active articulator, the place which does not move can be called the passive articulator. Labels refer to the place where the closure or narrowing occurs, which means that the name normally refers to the passive articulator.

The speech sounds often have their names from the Latin name of the vocal organ:

Nasal sounds: through nose (velum down)

Oral sounds: through mouth (velum up)

Stops: full oral closure

Fricatives: partial oral closure (friction)

Approximants: narrowing (no friction)

Labial: from labium, lip(s) active

Dental: from dentes, teeth active 

Alveolar: Alveoles, teeth ridge active

Palatal: Palate, hard palate active

Velar: Velum, soft palate active

Glottal: Glottis, vocal cords active

Mode of Production / Manner of Articulation	Viceless	Voiced	Place of Articulation	Keywords
Plosives or stops	p	b	bilabial	pin	bin
	t	d	alveolar	tin	din
	k	g	velar	cap	gap
Fricatives	-	w	bilabial	-	west
	f	v	labio-dental	fan	van
	q	ð	intra-dental	thin	then
	s	z	alveolar	sue	zoo
	-	l	alveolar		leaf
	-	r	alveolar		red
	ʃ / š	Ӡ / ž	alveo palatal	shoe	measure
	-	J / y	palatal		yes
	h	-	glottal	hat
Affricates	tʃ / ǰ	dʒ / č	alveo palatal	chew	jew
Nasals		m	bilabial		man
		n	alveolar		name
		ŋ	velar		song

Voiced and voiceless

• Glottis: The airstreams from the lungs moves up through the trachea, or windpipe, and through the opening between the vocal cards.
• Supra glottal cavities: The parts of the vocal tract above the glottis
• Voiceless: If the vocal cords are apart, the airstreams is not obstructed at the glottis and it passes freely into the supra glottal cavities (p, t, k, s).
•  Voiced: If the vocal cords are together, the airstreams forces its way through and causes them to vibrate (b, d, g, z).

Nasal and Oral

• Nasal: Air escapes not only through the mouth (when you open your lips) but also through the nose (m, n, ŋ)
•  Oral: When nasal passage is blocked in this way, the air can escape only through the mouth.

Places of Articulation

• Bilabial: at lips (p, b, m, w)
•  Labiodental: between the lower lip and upper teeth (f, v)
• Interdental: between the tongue and the alveolar ridge (t, d, s, z, n, l)
• Pabial: between tongue and the palate (š, ž, č, ĵ, ğ).
•  Velar: between tongue and velum (k, g, ŋ).
• Glottal: at glottis (the space between the vocal cords) (n).

Manner of Articulation

•  Stops

Two articulators (lips, tongue, teeth) are brought together such that the flow off air through the vocal tract is completely blocked (p, b, c, d, g, k).

• Fricatives

Two articulators are brought near each other such that the flow of air is impeded but not completely blocked (f, v, ө, o, s, z, š, ž, h).

•  Affricatives

Articulations corresponding to affricatives are those that begin like stars and end like fricatives (č, ĵ).

•  Nasal

Air flow through the mouth is completely blocked but the velum is lowered, forcing the air through the nose (m, n, ŋ)

•  Liquids

A cover term for all L-like and R-like articulations (l, r).

• Glides

The vocal tract is constricted, but not enough to block or impede the air flow (w, y).

Syllabic Sounds

•  Vowel are produced with no oral obstruction whatsoever.
•  Consonant: Oral and nasal stops, fricatives, affricatives, liquids, and glides all have some degree of obstruction.

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